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“So no matter what I say, what I believe, and what I do, I’m bankrupt without love” (1 Corinthians 13:3 from The Message: Contemporary version of the Bible)


フィリピンの農民たち:自分の卒業論文の一部から

March 3, 2009

今、フィリピンの私の友人たち、特に農民たちは「有効的な農地改革」を進めるために闘っている。その姿を見て、自分もそこにいたいという気持ちになる・・・でも、遠くにいる自分に今できることは、現状を伝える事なのかもしれない。そこで、卒論の導入部分に書いたものをここで紹介したい。これが今の自分にできる貢献かも。

 

 

「日本は第二次戦後、農地改革を経て、農民が自分の農地を持った事で、民主主義国家、経済大国にまでに発展することができた。今では、農民が自分の農地を持つことは当たり前であるとされている。しかし、フィリピンでは食物を耕す農民たちの十人中七人が土地なしで、十分な生計を立てられず、貧困に陥っているという皮肉な現状がある。だが、フィリピン開発研究センターによると、農民が農地を持つ事は、(1)農民としての役割を十分に果たし、(2)貧困から脱することができ、(3)今まで政府や地主が行ってきた不正を正す事ができるという多くの利点を持つ。つまり、フィリピンにとって、農地改革が完成されるという事は、国が問題解決、貧困削減、そして人権保護に努める民主主義国家になる第一歩なのだ。

そのため、フィリピンで農地改革を実現する事は大変重要である。では、「有効的農地改革」とはなんなのか。それは、農民への農地の再分配と共に、彼らが充実した農業ができるような制度、サービス、市場を整える等の働きが含まれる。

しかし、フィリピンでの農地改革は極めて困難だという事がわかる。そこには、農地が正当な持ち主に再分配されず、富と権力のある地主が農地を所有するという未完成な農地改革があるからだ。農地改革を分析するときに認識しておかないといけないのは、改革の過程に深く関わってくる政府、地主、農民の三者が複雑に絡み合っているという現実だ。農民たちは、1988年の包括的農地改革法で農地所有権を得たにも関わらず、上流階級の地主たちにその土地を奪われる。一方で、地主は、土地を輸出用食品の生産に使用し、お金儲けをしている。地主と農民との間の格差は広がる一方だ。政府はというと、大統領府と農地改革省(DAR)が主要な関係者である。しかし、政府は地主の農地改革への抵抗、また、政府内での地主の存在に、有効的農地改革を実施できずにいる。この関係性は、現代フィリピンの農地改革へのアプローチにあると考えられる。政府も、地主も、農民も、自己の利益を追求する「農地改革」を実行しているに過ぎないからだ。

 

 本論文は、2008年、農地改革の重要性を改めてフィリピン社会に提示したスミラオの農民たちの運動と、スミラオの農民たちと同じ背景を持ちながらも、運動に成功する事ができなかったネグロスの農民たちの運動を分析する事で、農地改革に関わる全ての人の参考になればと思う。そして、特に、この分析枠組みを使う事で、有効的農地改革に足りない物、問題となっている物に光を当て、政府、地主、農民たちの対立で終わる農地改革ではなく、融合的関係を強調したいと考える。それこそ、フィリピン社会が変わっていく秘訣なのではないだろうか。」

 

Posted by ayakasama at 11:07 pm | permalink | Add comment

Farmers in the Philippines: from my senior thesis

 

I know that my friends in the Philippines are working hard for the CARPER and their country.
I will be praying for you, for you and the farmers are always in my heart.
Just want to share a part from my senior thesis about Agrarian Reform.
It may be things alot of people already know, but if it helps in any way, I am glad.

           ” It is often taken for granted that farmers in Japan own and tilt their own lands so as to produce goods and profit for the Japanese economy and for themselves. However, it should be noted that this is only possible since Japan went through agrarian reform after World War
and is now one of the leading economic powers of the international community. Agrarian reform generally means the redistribution of land to its rightful owners, the farmers. This act of redistribution was significant for a former fascist and developing nation like Japan, to transform into a much more democratic and developed one. This is because agricultural land is the most important asset for most developing countries and a key factor to economic and political power.

           The ironic part of it though is that there is only a small amount of agricultural land in Japan compared to the Philippines. Thus, it is even more significant to look at the situation in the Philippines where land is primarily agricultural, but the people who work on the land are poor and hungry. Not only are land issues a problem for the farmers, but it is a concern to the whole Philippine community since agriculture is the labor-intensive sector where the country’s population is concentrated .

           However, some people may wonder why land has to be redistributed to the farmers in particular. There are three points to this argument. First, farmers cannot be separated from land, as fish cannot live without water. Land is crucial to their identity as farmers. A leader from one farmer community stated, “Land is the farmer’s life”. This farmer also mentioned that comments that they will not be able to till their land properly are “unfair and belittle the farmers’ abilities. A farmer will do all he can so that his land will be productive.”
           Second, owning their own land enables the farmers to improve their poverty level and contribute to the Philippine economy. Studies by the Philippines Institute of Development Studies in Mindanao and other parts of the Philippines have proved that Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries (ARBs), compared to non-ARBs, tend to have higher incomes incidence since irrigation, credit and government services promote higher incomes. Other indicators also show well-being of ARBs such as higher access to safe water, and sanitation facilities, higher educational attainment than members of non-ARB households. Thus, agrarian reform communities tend to increase the chances of farmers to be non-poor.
           Thirdly, the ownership of their land means that the Philippine government and landlords officially recognize the social injustice that they have done to farmers by robbing the land that had been legally owned by the farmers from the time of their ancestors. Because of this injustice, seven out of ten farmers in the Philippines remain landless and suffer from poverty. Furthermore, since 1988, when the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP or CARL) had been issued, only 1.9 million hectares of the targeted 10 million hectares of agricultural land has been distributed to farmers. In other words, only one-tenth of the agricultural land has been redistributed in the long time span of twenty years.
Therefore, despite the fact that agrarian reform in Philippines is significant for the economy, politics, and most of all for society, effective agrarian reform is truly a challenge.

           If land is redistributed to farmers who are the original owners of this asset, it can be the first step towards a much more democratic nation that recognizes conflict resolution, poverty alleviation, and protection of human rights. “

Posted by ayakasama at 11:03 pm | permalink | comments[6]